When Yitzhak Tshuva was six months old, his parents, Rachamin and Julia, and their eight children immigrated to Israel as part of the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. They settled near the city of Netanya, initially living in a transit camp. Tshuva studied at the "Yavne" primary school. At the age of 12, Tshuva began working to support his family by taking on construction and farming jobs. He did his mandatory military Service in the Israel Defense Forces in the Engineering Corps. After his Service, he began working in the construction and engineering department of the Israeli Defense Ministry, where he was responsible for a variety of construction projects, primarily on military bases all over the country. One of these projects included the construction of fortifications along the Bar Lev Line, near the Suez Canal, after Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt in the 1967 Six-Day War.